Williams Tube
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Williams tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Williams tube depends on an effect called secondary emission. ... The Williams tube tended to become unreliable with age, and most working ...
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Williams tube: Definition from Answers.com
Williams tube ( ?wily?mz ?tüb ) ( electronics ) A cathode-ray storage tube in which information is stored as a pattern of electric charges produced,
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The Mark 1 Computer = Williams Tube
The Mark 1 computer and the Williams-Kilburn Tube turn on the memories in the history of computers ... The Williams Tube provided the first large amount of ...
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Home : Robbie Williams Tube
Fan Clubs ... Williams Tube Info. Welcome to Robbie Williams ... Benvenuti sul Robbie Williams Tube. La prima Community di Sharing Video su Robbie Williams. ...
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CATHODE-RAY TUBE MEMORY
This description of the Williams tube memory is from ... In the SEAC Williams memory,3 each tube is assigned one particular digit of the ...
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Selectron tube
People behind Informatics - Virtual exhibition in memory of Ole-Johan Dahl, ... The big advantage of the Williams tube memory was that it allowed fast random ...
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diagram
This description of Williams tube memory is from ... The Williams tube is used in a system arrangement similar to the one shown in figure 6-32. ...
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Frederic Williams
biography of Frederic Williams ... became known as the "Williams Tube" ... The Williams Tube, and its key contribution to early computers worldwide, was ...
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The Williams tube or (more accurately) the Williams-Kilburn tube (after Frederic Calland Williams and co-worker Tom Kilburn), developed about 1946 or 1947, was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data.
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Working principle When a dot is drawn on a cathode ray tube, the visible spot lasts for a time (called "persistence") that depends on the type of phosphor used in the tube. The operation of the Williams tube is due to a completely unrelated effect (in fact some Williams tubes were made with no phosphor), caused by secondary emission, such that the area of this dot becomes slightly positively charged and the area immediately around this dot becomes slightly negatively charged (creating a charge well). Also a positively charged dot is erased (filling the charge well) by drawing a second dot immediately adjacent to the one to be erased (most systems did this by drawing a short dash starting at the dot position, the extension of the dash erased the charge initially stored at the starting point). By later drawing a dot at that spot and measuring the charge, by means of a metal plate placed over the outside of the front of the tube, you have a simple form of memory that lasts for a time depending on the electrical resistance of the inside surface of the face of the tube. Reading a memory location destroyed its contents (creating a charge well), so any read had to be followed by a write (most systems did this by drawing a short dash starting at the dot position if the positive charge created needed to be erased). Also, because the charge gradually leaked off, it was necessary to scan the tube periodically and rewrite every dot (similar to the memory refresh cycles of DRAM in modern systems).
Capacity Williams tubes stored roughly 500 to 1,000 bits of data.
Development Developed at the Victoria University of Manchester in England, it provided the medium on which the first ever electronically stored-memory program was written in the Manchester Mark I computer. Tom Kilburn wrote a 17-line program to calculate the highest factor of a number. Tradition at Manchester University has it that this was the only program Tom Kilburn ever wrote.
The Williams tube tended to become unreliable with age, and most working installations had to be "tuned" by hand. By contrast, mercury delay line memory was slower and also needed hand tuning, but it did not age as badly and enjoyed some success in early digital electronic computing despite its speed, weight, cost, thermal and toxicity problems. However, the Manchester Mark I was successfully commercialised as the Ferranti Mark I and some early computers in the USA also used the Williams tube, including the IAS machine, originally designed for Selectron tube memory, and the UNIVAC 1103, IBM 701 and IBM 702. It was also used in the Soviet computer, Strela computer.
See also
- Regenerative capacitor memory
- Mellon optical memory
References
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
External links
- The Williams Tube
Williams Tube
The Williams Tube or The Williams-Kilburn Tube Background. As a result of a trip to the U.S.A. in June 1946, Dr F.C. (Freddie) Williams started active investigation at TRE into the ...
Williams tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Williams tube or the Williams-Kilburn tube (after inventors Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn), developed about 1946 or 1947, was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store ...
Williams tube definition of Williams tube in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about Williams tube. Information about Williams tube in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
WilliamsTubeMemory1950s
Used in some early computers (1950s) for memory storage. (CRT = Cathode Ray Tube) Based on research by F. C. Williams into cathode ray tubes, the electro-static tube or "Williams ...
Science Museum - Home - Williams Tube in case, c 1950.
The Williams Tube is a memory device for storing digital information in computers. The device is named after FC Williams (1911-1977) who developed it in Manchester towards the ...
Science Museum - Home - Williams Tube in case, c. 1950.
Refurbished single Williams tube storage unit from a Ferranti Mark I computer. The Williams Tube is a memory device for storing digital information in computers. The device is ...
Williams Tube Random Access Memory Device in 1946
The Williams Tube was the first practical random access memory device, storing digital data as a series of dots and dashes on the tube of a CRT.
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Williams Tube Display (Digital 60)
Fig.6 shows the display from a Display Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) for a Williams-Kilburn CRT Store (from a Ferranti Mark 1). The bright spots represent 1 s and the dim spots represent ...
The Mark 1 Computer = Williams Tube
The Mark 1 computer and the Williams-Kilburn Tube turn on the memories in the history of computers ... Inventors of the Modern Computer: The Mark 1 Computer - The Williams Tube ...